{"id":7573,"date":"2020-06-17T17:00:44","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T09:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/?p=7573"},"modified":"2020-07-03T21:37:41","modified_gmt":"2020-07-03T13:37:41","slug":"%e5%9f%ba%e4%ba%8e%e7%a9%ba%e9%97%b4%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90%e7%9a%84gis%e6%96%87%e6%9c%ac%e7%94%9f%e6%88%90%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e6%9e%84%e5%bb%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/2020\/06\/17\/%e5%9f%ba%e4%ba%8e%e7%a9%ba%e9%97%b4%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90%e7%9a%84gis%e6%96%87%e6%9c%ac%e7%94%9f%e6%88%90%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e6%9e%84%e5%bb%ba\/","title":{"rendered":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u6790\u7684GIS\u6587\u672c\u751f\u6210\u6a21\u578b\u6784\u5efa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">\u6210\u60a6 \u5f20\u534e\u5e73 \u4e8e\u654f \u5546\u5efa\u4e91<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align:center\">\u5317\u4eac\u7406\u5de5\u5927\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5b66\u9662<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><strong>1 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<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u539f\u59cb\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5730\u7406\u65b9\u4f4d\u3001\u6c14\u8c61\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u8ddd\u79bb\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u7b49\u591a\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u4e2d\u7efc\u5408\u63d0\u53d6\u51fa\u6c14\u8c61\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81<sup>[31]<\/sup>\u3002\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u63d0\u53d6\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5145\u5206\u8003\u8651\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6c14\u8c61\u8981\u7d20\uff08\u964d\u6c34\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u3001\u98ce\u529b\u3001\u6e7f\u5ea6\u7b49\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\uff08\u5355\u7ad9\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u5982\u89c2\u6d4b\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u3001\u683c\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u5982\u964d\u6c34\u6570\u503c\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u5728\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u5dee\u5f02\uff08\u5982\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ad9\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u5148\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u503c\u5904\u7406\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u5206\u5e03\u573a\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u63d0\u53d6\u5355\u7ad9\u70b9\u6781\u503c\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\uff09<sup>[32]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><strong>2.1 <\/strong><\/a><strong>\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c14\u8c61\u5c40\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u6709\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u4e3b\u8981\u4e3a14\u7c7bMicaps\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u964d\u6c34\u3001\u6c14\u6e29\u3001\u53f0\u98ce\u3001\u96fe\u973e\u7b49\u5404\u7c7b\u5929\u6c14\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6c14\u8c61\u4ee3\u7801\u533a\u5206\u5404\u6c14\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u4ee3\u7801\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u5929\u6c14\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u89e3\u6790\u4e4b\u524d\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u6c14\u8c61\u5c40\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8bf4\u660e\u6765\u914d\u7f6e\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u672c\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3aXML\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u914d\u7f6e\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u56fe1\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"372\" height=\"340\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/1-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7588\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/1-1.png 372w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/1-1-300x274.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/1-1-80x73.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 372px) 100vw, 372px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe1 \u539f\u59cb\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u622a\u56fe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u56fe\uff0c&lt;SYMBOL code&gt;\u8868\u793a\u5929\u6c14\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c&lt;WEATHER_TYPE&gt;\u8868\u793a\u5929\u6c14\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c&lt;WEATHER_NAME&gt;\u8868\u793a\u5929\u6c14\u7ea7\u522b\uff0c\u5373\u5177\u4f53\u5929\u6c14\uff0c&lt;SYMBOL\ncode=&#8221;250&#8243;&gt;\u4e2d\u7684250\u5373\u4e3a\u96e8\u96ea\u5929\u6c14\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u7ea7\u522b\u4e3a\u7279\u5927\u66b4\u96e8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><strong>2.2 <\/strong><\/a><strong>\u57fa\u4e8eQGIS\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u8ba1\u7b97<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5b8c\u6210\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u539f\u59cb\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u8bfb\u53d6\u5904\u7406\u3002\u4e0a\u8ff0\u539f\u59cb\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u5206\u4e3a\u70b9\u3001\u7ebf\u3001\u9762\u3001\u6805\u683c\u56db\u7c7b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u8c03\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684GDAL\u5e93\u63a5\u53e3\u4ece\u800c\u521b\u5efa\u4e0d\u540c\u683c\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b\u70b9\u3001\u7ebf\u3001\u9762\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u5e94\u751f\u6210SHP\u683c\u5f0f\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210TIF\u683c\u5f0f\u6587\u4ef6<sup>[33]<\/sup>\u3002\u4ee5Micaps7\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b83\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u5176\u4f5913\u79cd\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6570\u636e\u4e00\u8d77\u8bf4\u660e\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u5929\u6c14\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u5929\u6c14\u4ee3\u7801\u6765\u53c2\u4e0e\u51e0\u79cd\u5929\u6c14\u7684\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u5b83\u5355\u72ec\u51b3\u5b9a\u53f0\u98ce\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u56fe2\u4e3aMicaps7\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6570\u636e\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u56fe3\u4e3a\u5904\u7406\u540e\u5f97\u5230\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u56fe4\u4e3a\u6dfb\u52a0\u6570\u636e\u4e4b\u540e\u751f\u6210\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6\u5c5e\u6027\u8868\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5c5e\u6027\u8868\u4e2d\u542b\u6709\u53f0\u98ce\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u901f\u5ea6\u7b49\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"314\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7589\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-1.png 874w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-1-300x108.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-1-768x276.png 768w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2-1-80x29.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe2 Micaps7\u6570\u636e\u8bf4\u660e<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"508\" height=\"535\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/3-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7590\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/3-1.png 508w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/3-1-285x300.png 285w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/3-1-80x84.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe3 Micaps7\u6570\u636e\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"989\" height=\"582\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7577\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/4.png 989w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/4-300x177.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/4-768x452.png 768w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/4-80x47.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe4 Micaps7\u6570\u636e\u5c5e\u6027\u8868<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u7531\u4e8e\u65e0\u8bba\u4f55\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8f93\u51fa\u53e0\u52a0\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u9762SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e4b\u524d\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u70b9\u3001\u7ebf\u3001\u9762\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u5f62\u6210\u7684TIF\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5904\u7406<sup>[34]<\/sup>\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6bcf\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u7a0b\u5982\u56fe3.5\u6240\u793a\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7a7a\u95f4\u53e0\u52a0\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u70b9\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u70b9SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u63d2\u503c\u5904\u7406\u751f\u6210TIF\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u751f\u6210\u9762SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b\u7ebf\u6570\u636e\u4e5f\u4f1a\u751f\u6210\u70b9SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b\u9762\u6570\u636e\u76f4\u63a5\u751f\u6210\u9762SHP\u6587\u4ef6\uff1b\u6805\u683c\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u6362\u6210TIF\u6805\u683c\u6587\u4ef6\u518d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u751f\u6210\u9762SHP\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"665\" height=\"816\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7578\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/5.png 665w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/5-244x300.png 244w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/5-80x98.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe5 \u5404\u7c7b\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u6d41\u7a0b\u56fe<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;\u539f\u59cb\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6b65\u9aa4\u7684\u53ef\u89c6\u5316\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u751f\u6210\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u6c14\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u56fe\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e0b\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u540c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u56fe\u53e0\u52a0\u83b7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u5929\u6c14\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u5206\u5e03\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u5c06\u6c14\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\u7684SHP\u6587\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u53e0\u52a0\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c06\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fe\u5c42\u4e0d\u91cd\u5408\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u88c1\u51cf\uff0c\u7559\u4e0b\u91cd\u53e0\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97\u91cd\u53e0\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u56fe\u5f62\u9762\u79ef<sup>[35-37]<\/sup>\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u5730\u7406\u540d\u79f0-\u6c14\u8c61\u7c7b\u578b-\u6c14\u8c61\u7b49\u7ea7-\u533a\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><strong>3 <\/strong><\/a><strong>\u539f\u59cb\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u63a8\u7406<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u63d0\u53d6\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u6c14\u8c61\u6570\u636e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7279\u5f81\u63d0\u53d6\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u9762\u5411\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u7acb\u7cbe\u786e\u4e14\u5408\u7406\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\uff08\u5982\u67d0\u4e00\u707e\u5bb3\u5929\u6c14\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5982\u4e1c\u5317\u5730\u533a\u5373\u533a\u57df\u7ea7\u8fd8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u51e0\u4e2a\u7701\u4efd\u4e00\u8d77\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff09\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5212\u5206\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u6210\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6d41\u7545\u6027\u4e0e\u53ef\u9605\u8bfb\u6027<sup>[38]<\/sup>\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u533a\u57df\u7684\u9884\u62a5\u987a\u5e8f\u7b49\u89c4\u5219\u4e5f\u9700\u8981\u5efa\u7acb<sup>[39]<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><strong>3.1\n<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5212\u5206<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u672c\u8bfe\u9898\u5bf92013-2015\u5e74\u95f4\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u4efd\u5404\u7c7b\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u505a\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u63d0\u53d6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u62bd\u53d6\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5e38\u7528\u5730\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u8bcd\u7ec4\u3002\u7efc\u5408\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u7406\u540d\u8bcd\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f62\u5f0f\u56fa\u5b9a\uff0c\u6570\u91cf\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002\u672c\u8bfe\u9898\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4e24\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u7406\u540d\u8bcd\u8fdb\u884c\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u60c5\u51b5\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u56db\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u5982\u88681\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u88681 &nbsp;\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u540d\u8bcd\u5f52\u603b\u8868<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"221\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/biao1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7587\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/biao1.png 683w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/biao1-300x97.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/biao1-80x26.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5982\u4e0a\u8868\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u4e00\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u5171\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u7248\u56fe\u5212\u5206\u6210\u4e3a\u4e8611\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u662f\u5728\u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u4e09\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u7701\u7ea7\u884c\u653f\u533a\u5212\uff0c\u56db\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u662f\u4e09\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u5728\u65b9\u4f4d\u4e0a\u7684\u518d\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u4e00\u4e8c\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u540c\u4e09\u56db\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u6837\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u56db\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5305\u542b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u4e0b\u3002 \u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e8c\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\u4e0e\u4e09\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\u90fd\u76f4\u63a5\u5305\u542b\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\uff0c\u53c8\u76f8\u4e92\u72ec\u7acb\u5206\u522b\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\uff0c\u4e09\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\u76f4\u63a5\u5305\u542b\u56db\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\u3002\u56db\u7ea7\u533a\u5212\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u56fe6\u3001\u56fe7\u3001\u56fe8\u3001\u56fe9\u6240\u793a\uff1a <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"549\" height=\"365\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7579\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/6.jpg 549w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/6-300x199.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/6-80x53.jpg 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><figcaption> \u56fe6 \u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"986\" height=\"582\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7580\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/7.png 986w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/7-300x177.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/7-768x453.png 768w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/7-80x47.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 986px) 100vw, 986px\" \/><figcaption> \u56fe7 \u4e8c\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"491\" height=\"366\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7581\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8.jpg 491w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8-300x224.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8-200x150.jpg 200w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/8-80x60.jpg 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><figcaption> \u56fe8 \u4e09\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"898\" height=\"560\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7582\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/9.png 898w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/9-300x187.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/9-768x479.png 768w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/9-80x50.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 898px) 100vw, 898px\" \/><figcaption> \u56fe9 \u56db\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212 <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"716\" height=\"504\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7583\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10.jpg 716w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10-300x211.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10-80x56.jpg 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u56db\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u53ef\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8868\u8ff0\u51fa\u5929\u6c14\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b26\u5408\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u5458\u591a\u5e74\u6765\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u9884\u62a5\u4e60\u60ef\uff0c\u5bf9\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5730\u7406\u540d\u8bcd\u7edf\u8ba1\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u56db\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u540d\u8bcd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\u5730\u540d\u3001\u6cb3\u6d41\u3001\u9ad8\u539f\u3001\u5c71\u8109\u7b49\u5730\u7406\u53d8\u91cf\u540d\u8bcd\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u5929\u6c14\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5982\u9752\u85cf\u9ad8\u539f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u5408\u7406\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u6c14\u8c61\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u63a8\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7ed3\u5408\u5bf9\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5730\u540d\u7684\u547d\u540d\u5b9e\u4f53\u8bc6\u522b\u6765\u5bf9\u56db\u7ea7\u6807\u51c6\u533a\u5212\u8fdb\u884c\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u7b26\u5408\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u5458\u7684\u9884\u62a5\u4e60\u60ef<sup>[40-41]<\/sup>\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u57df\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u6e24\u6d77\u6d77\u57df\u3001\u9ec4\u6d77\u6d77\u57df\u3001\u4e1c\u6d77\u6d77\u57df\u3001\u53f0\u6e7e\u6d77\u5ce1\u3001\u5357\u6d77\u6d77\u57df\u3001\u5317\u90e8\u6e7e\u6d77\u57df\u3002\u6d77\u57df\u90e8\u5206\u4e0d\u518d\u5206\u4e8c\u7ea7\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><strong>3.2\n<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u9884\u62a5\u987a\u5e8f\u89c4\u5219<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u751f\u6210\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u9760\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u5458\u53bb\u89e3\u8bfb\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u89c2\u6d4b\u6570\u636e\u7136\u540e\u4f9d\u636e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u751f\u6210\uff0c\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u5458\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e5f\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u5458\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u522b\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6c14\u8c61\u670d\u52a1\u6587\u672c\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u5e76\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c14\u8c61\u5c40\u4e13\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u7814\u53d1\u73b0\u9884\u62a5\u6587\u672c\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219<sup>[42]<\/sup>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(1)\u4f8b\u5982\u5929\u6c14\u8981\u7d20\u4e3a\u964d\u6c34\u65f6\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5176\u6240\u5728\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u5730\u7406\u533a\u57df\u65f6\u7684\u5927\u4f53\u987a\u5e8f\u4e3a\u5148\u4ece\u897f\u5411\u4e1c\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u62a5\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u5317\u5411\u5357\u9884\u62a5\uff0c\u6b64\u89c4\u5219\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u522b\u7684\u5929\u6c14\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u4e25\u683c\u9075\u5b88\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u4e4b\u524d\u8868\u4e2d\u5217\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u540d\u79f0\u548c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u7684\u9884\u62a5\u987a\u5e8f\u5982\u56fe10\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u897f\u5317\u5730\u533a\u5e38\u5e74\u6c14\u5019\u5e72\u71e5\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u4f1a\u6709\u964d\u6c34\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6c14\u8c61\u9884\u62a5\u4e2d\u9488\u5bf9\u6b64\u533a\u57df\u7684\u964d\u6c34\u5929\u6c14\u9884\u62a5\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u4e8c\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u7701\u4efd\u5f00\u59cb\u7684\u3002\u4e09\u7ea7\u6c14\u8c61\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u7684\u9884\u62a5\u987a\u5e8f\u4e5f\u9075\u5b88\u4ee5\u4e0a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u5982\u56fe11\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"716\" height=\"504\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7591\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10-1.jpg 716w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10-1-300x211.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/10-1-80x56.jpg 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe10 \u4e00\u7ea7\u5730\u7406\u533a\u5212\u9884\u62a5\u987a\u5e8f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4 <\/strong><strong>\u822a\u7a7a\u98de\u884c\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u63a8\u7406<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4.1 <\/strong><strong>\u6a21\u62df\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5177\u4f53\u683c\u5f0f\u53c2\u7167\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"427\" height=\"413\" src=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/11-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7592\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/11-1.png 427w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/11-1-300x290.png 300w, http:\/\/www.nlpir.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/11-1-80x77.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u56fe11 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